Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition that causes a slight, but noticeable change in memory and thinking skills but is not severe enough to affect the person’s ability to complete daily tasks. MCI is different from Alzheimer’s disease or other dementias as it does not typically cause general confusion, personality changes, or significant disruptions to a person’s life.

Common Signs and Symptoms

MCI appears in one of two forms, each with different symptoms:

Amnestic MCI mainly affects memory. People with amnestic MCI might start forgetting things they once knew. This includes names, recent conversations, and upcoming plans. They may also lose things often or have trouble with language.

Non-amnestic MCI affects other thinking skills, like decision-making, judgment, and visual awareness. People with non-amnestic MCI may have trouble handling finances, staying organized, or following a sequence of steps. They may also have problems with movement and sense of smell.

Causes and Progression

For some with MCI, a treatable cause is found. It may be a vitamin deficiency, a sleep disorder, or a bad reaction to medication. For many, the cause is unknown. Research indicates that genetics might contribute to MCI. Some MCI patients exhibit brain changes like those with Alzheimer’s disease. Conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure increase the risk of MCI.

The progression of MCI varies from person to person. Some people improve over time. Others stay the same. For some, symptoms worsen. People with MCI are at a higher risk for developing Alzheimer’s or other dementias than the general population. Amnestic MCI carries the highest risk. Eight out of ten individuals living with it are diagnosed with Alzheimer’s within 7 years.

Diagnosis of MCI

Mild cognitive impairment can be diagnosed by a primary care doctor or a neurologist. To reach a diagnosis of MCI, the doctor will consider several factors, including:

Reports from the individual and/or those close to them about changes in cognition.
Cognitive tests are given to establish a baseline. Cognitive tests can also be referenced yearly to see if scores are improving or declining.
Effects on daily functioning: The person may take more time, be less efficient, and make more errors. But they remain mostly independent and need minimal help.
Lab tests or brain scans are sometimes done to rule out other causes or find changes in the brain.

Treatment and Support

There is no cure for MCI and no standard treatment. In some cases, a doctor may address underlying issues or adjust medications. Doctors may prescribe cholinesterase inhibitors. These drugs are used to slow Alzheimer’s. There are mixed reviews regarding how effective these drugs are on MCI. Those with MCI may also be eligible for clinical trials.

Lifestyle Changes

To manage MCI symptoms and boost brain health, consider these habits:

Staying socially engaged
Seeking out new experiences
Eating a heart-healthy diet
Getting enough sleep
Exercising regularly
Using memory aids like notes, to-do lists, and calendars
Engage in routine medical care

Staying Connected

Receiving a diagnosis of MCI can be difficult, but the journey does not have to be taken alone. A support system of friends, family, and trusted people can help with challenges. For those still working, ask about accommodations to help maintain well-being and success in the workplace.

Call us at 858.492.4400 to speak with one of our Dementia Care Coaches who are here to help San Diego County residents and/or those caring for someone living in San Diego County (Spanish speakers available). Also check out our free education classes, social activities, caregiver support groups, & more.

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Updated on September 18th, 2025